Cross-cultural invariance of the Spanish version of the COVID-19 Assessment Scorecard to measure the perception of government actions against COVID-19 in Latin America

Abstract Objectives The present study aimed to evaluate the measurement invariance of a general measure of the perception of governmental responses to COVID--19 (COVID-SCORE-10) in the general population of 13 Latin American countries. Methods A total of 5780 individuals from 13 Latin American and Caribbean countries selected by non-probabilistic snowball sampling participated. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed and the alignment method was used to evaluate invariance. Additionally, a graded response model was used for the assessment of item characteristics. Results The results indicate that there is approximate measurement invariance of the COVID-SCORE-10 among the participating countries. Furthermore, IRT results suggest that the COVID-SCORE-10 measures with good psychometric ability a broad spectrum of the construct assessed, especially around average levels. Comparison of COVID-SCORE-10 scores indicated that participants from Cuba, Uruguay and El Salvador had the most positive perceptions of government actions to address the pandemic. Thus, the underlying construct of perception of government actions was equivalent in all countries. Conclusion The results show the importance of initially establishing the fundamental measurement properties and MI before inferring the cross-cultural universality of the construct to be measured.

El sesgo atencional en los trastornos relacionados con sustancias. Aspectos teóricos, evaluativos y de tratamiento / Attentional bias in substance-related disorders. Theoretical, evaluative and treatment aspects

Resumen En la actualidad, existe mayor interés sobre los estudios acerca de la cognición implícita y su función en la conducta. Los modelos explicativos actuales de la psicopatología tienen como limitante la escasa consideración de los procesos cognitivos automáticos en la conducta psicopatológica, como la relacionada con el consumo de sustancias. En este estudio, se revisa al sesgo atencional en los trastornos por consumo y sus implicaciones en la psicopatología, la medición del fenómeno y su aplicación para la intervención. El sesgo atencional hacia las señales críticas de sustancias o drogas es un mecanismo disfuncional de la atención selectiva que opera frecuentemente a nivel automático o implícito y en el que la asignación y focalización de la atención es desproporcionada en el tiempo, entre un estímulo específico (imagen o palabra relacionada con una droga) versus un estímulo neutro. Atrae la atención de la persona al estímulo crítico del que, posteriormente, resulta difícil de desacoplarse y facilita otros procesos cognitivos subsecuentes al consumo. Se presenta evidencia de la incidencia del sesgo atencional en el consumo, el curso, la gravedad, el craving (necesidad intensa de consumo), la abstinencia, la recaída y la probabilidad de fracaso en el tratamiento. Además, explica sobre el fenómeno del consumo, desde la cognición implícita, el inconsciente y la neurociencia cognitiva. Finalmente, en este estudio, se revisan propuestas de intervención sobre los problemas de consumo con técnicas de modificación del sesgo atencional complementarias a los tratamientos cognitivo-conductuales actuales. Se considera necesario explorar sobre esta línea de investigación y su relación con los trastornos por consumo de sustancias dentro de la región.

Abstract The objective of this work is to investigate attentional bias as an automatic cognitive process and its implications in substance use disorders. Cognitive processes are fundamental in the formulation of the different explanatory models about psychopathology. Of the various cognitive processes, attention is a significant determinant, because although it fulfils various activities such as orientation and wakefulness, it is cognitive control that arouses relevant interest for it. This is due to the fact that it fulfills a task of linking between signal uptake and the achievement of other cognitive processes that intervene in the behavioral response mechanism. When a cognitive process like attention is markedly altered it will trigger impaired sequential cognitive functioning, along with the emission of disturbing behavior. Psychology considers that cognitive processes operate consciously (voluntarily) and automatically (implicitly); that is, in a dual way in which these processes such as attention maintain a continuum of coordinated gradual variations that regulate behavior. Failure to consider automatic cognitive processes is a notorious limitation for current explanatory models of psychopathological behavior (including compulsive substance use); given that many of these underlying cognitive processes are often not considered to influence higher mental processes and therefore behavior, without the individual necessarily being aware of this. In fact, this can help to understand pathological behaviors that for the investigator or the professional of psychology can be incomprehensible or paradoxical. Among the various underlying and altered processes, the attentional bias towards critical signals associated with substances has investigative relevance. Since it is a dysfunctional mechanism of selective attention, which operates frequently at an automatic level and in which the allocation and focus of attention are disproportionate in time, between a specific stimulus (image or word related to a drug) versus a neutral stimulus. And it attracts a person's focus of attention to the critical stimulus, from which it later becomes difficult to decouple. This later facilitates other altered cognitive processes subsequent to consumption. The generation of an attentional bias towards a specific signal has its origin in the association between the signal and the behavior, which can be avoidant (recurrent in phobias) or attractive (frequent in substance or food consumption) and that is conditioned until becoming an automatic process of difficult voluntary control. Although it is true that attention bias may be present in all individuals, the evidence reveals the marked and recurrent presence in various pathologies such as mood disorders (depressive), anxiety, food intake, phobias, of personality among others. And also included in substance use disorders. The findings show that attention bias has an impact on substance use, course, the severity of the disorder, craving, withdrawal, relapse, and the probability of treatment failure. Working with an attentional bias for specific signals on substances can generate difficulty, in the case of evaluation because it is assessed through software that usually measures the eye-hand reaction time or eye movement when faced with neutral and critical signals, which can be a limitation for the usual clinic; while at the intervention level, it is required to formulate bias retraining processes that require continuous exercise as a complementary technique to the usual cognitive-behavioral treatment. It is considered necessary to explore this line of research and its relationship with substance use disorders within the region.

Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente (ASI) en población adulta ecuatoriana

Objetivo. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar la validación del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente (ASI) en el contexto ecuatoriano, así como analizar su consistencia interna y validez convergente con el Inventario de Ambivalencia hacia Hombres (AMI). Método. Participaron en el presente estudio, cuantitativo e instrumental, hombres (44.1%) y mujeres (55.9%) de la ciudad de Quito (N = 965) entre los 20 y los 60 años. Resultados. El ASI presenta un ajuste factorial adecuado al modelo original de dos factores; existe además consistencia interna en la escala total (w = .72) y en los dos factores (sexismo hostil: w = .71; sexismo benevolente: w = .53), y una validez convergente estadísticamente significativa con el AMI (r = .652). Se concluye que el instrumento es válido para uso en el contexto ecuatoriano.

Objective. The aim of the study was to validate the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) in the Ecuadorian context, as well as to analyze its internal consistency and convergent validity with the Ambivalence Inventory towards men (AMI). Method. Men (44.1%) and women (55.9%) from the city of Quito (N = 965), aged from 20 to 60 years old, participated in this quantitative and instrumental study. Results. The ASI presents an adequate factorial fit to the original two-factor model; there is internal consistency in the total scale (w = .72) and in the two factors (hostile sexism: w = .71; benevolent sexism: w = .53), and statistically significant convergent validity with the AMI (r = .652). It is concluded that the instrument use in the Ecuadorian context is valid.

Creencias en teorías conspirativas sobre vacunas COVID-19 en la Comunidad Andina de Naciones / Beliefs in conspiracy theories about COVID-19 vaccines in the Andean Community of Nations

El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en describir el grado de aceptación o no a ciertas creencias de conspiración sobre las vacunas contra la COVID-19 en una muestra de países miembros de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN): Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. Se diseñó un estudio transversal descriptivo en el que participaron 1835 personas de Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. Para la evaluación de estas creencias se utilizó la Escala de Creencias de Conspiración de Vacunas COVID-19 (ECCV-COVID, Caycho-Rodríguez et al., 2022a). Los resultados indican que, el Perú presenta el mayor puntaje promedio de creencias de conspiración sobre las vacunas contra la COVID-19. Además, en los 4 países el menor grado de aceptación es con la creencia sobre "Vacunar a los niños contra la COVID-19 es perjudicial y este hecho está ocultado". En Colombia, Ecuador y Perú el mayor grado de aceptación está referida a la creencia conspirativa referida a que "La información sobre la seguridad de las vacunas contra la COVID-19 a menudo se inventan". Finalmente, en Bolivia, el mayor grado de aceptación es con la creencia de que "Las empresas farmacéuticas ocultan los peligros de las vacunas contra la COVID-19". Los resultados presentados en este estudio son los primeros que se conoce de forma genérica en población latinoamericana, y particularmente, en la población Andina(AU)

Studies on the acceptance and rejection of vaccines, as well as the belief in conspiracy theories, and the lack of trust in governments and science, have been important to analyze the vaccination process against COVID-19 worldwide, but they have been quite limited, so far, in the case of Latin America. In this sense, the objective of this work is to describe the degree of acceptance or not of certain conspiracy beliefs about vaccines against COVID-19 in a sample of countries members in the Andean Community of Nations (CAN): Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed in which 1835 people from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru participated. To evaluate these beliefs, the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Belief Scale (ECCV-COVID, Caycho-Rodríguez et al., 2022a) was used. The results indicate that Peru has the highest average score of conspiracy beliefs about vaccines against COVID-19. In addition, in the 4 countries, the lowest degree of acceptance is with the belief that "Vaccinating children against COVID-19 is harmful and this fact is hidden". In Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, the highest degree of acceptance is related to the conspiratorial belief that "Information on the safety of vaccines against COVID-19 is often invented." Finally, in Bolivia, the highest degree of acceptance is with the belief that "Pharmaceutical companies hide the dangers of vaccines against COVID-19". The results presented in this study are the first known generically in the Latin American population, and particularly in the Andean population(AU)

Análisis multigrupo por sexo y fiabilidad del Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional (ERQ) en jóvenes Ecuatorianos / Multigroup analysis by sex and reliability of the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) in Ecuadorians / Análise multigrupo por sexo e confiabilidade do Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) em jovens Equatorianos

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la invarianza factorial y la fiabilidad con respecto al sexo del Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional (ERQ) en una muestra de jóvenes ecuatorianos. Se trata de un estudio instrumental de la equivalencia de medida o invarianza factorial del ERQ y de la fiabilidad. Participaron 435 estudiantes de bachillerato (53,8% mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 20 (X̅= 16.7; s= 1.4). El modelo de dos factores es confirmado con χ²= 145.4 gl (68); p< .001;χ²/gl= 2.1; GFI= .94; CFI= .91 y RMSEA= .05 [.03 - .06]. Las restricciones al modelo en la equivalencia de medida muestran que este es invariante con respecto al sexo. Además, la fiabilidad muestra que las magnitudes son aceptables con ωSE= .636; ωRC= .762 en hombres y ωSE= .694; ωRC= .742 en mujeres. Se evidencia que el modelo del ERQ es invariante con respecto al sexo y que, a su vez, es fiable. (AU)

This study aimed to determine the factorial invariance by gender and the reliability of the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) in a sample of young Ecuadorians. A Measurement Equivalence or factorial invariance Instrumental study of the ERQ and its reliability was performed. Participants were 435 high school students (53.8% female), aged 14 to 20 (X̅= 16.7, s= 1.4). The ERQ's bifactor model was confirmed with χ²= 145.4; df (68); p <.001; χ²/df= 2.1; GFI=.94; CFI=.91 & RMSEA=.05 [.03-.06]. The restrictions to the model in the measure equivalence show that it is invariant regarding gender. In addition, the reliability showed that the magnitudes are acceptable with ωSE= .636; ωRC= .762 in men and ωSE= .694; ωRC= .742 in women. The ERQ model was found to be invariant by gender and reliable. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a invariância e a confiabilidade do fator em relação ao sexo do Questionário de Regulação Emocional (ERQ) em uma amostra de jovens equatorianos. Trata-se de um estudo instrumental da equivalência de medida ou invariância fatorial do ERQ e da confiabilidade. Participaram 435 estudantes do ensino médio (53,8% mulheres), com idades entre 14 e 20 anos (X̅ = 16,7; s = 1,4). O modelo de dois fatores do ERQ é confirmado com χ² = 145,4 gl (68); p < 0,001; χ²/gl = 2,1; GFI = 94; CFI = 0,91 e RMSEA = 0,05 [0,03-0,06]. As restrições do modelo na equivalência de mensuração mostram que isso é invariável em relação ao sexo. Além disso, a confiabilidade mostra que as quantidades são aceitáveis com ωSE = 0,636; ωRC = 0,762 em homens e ωSE = 0,694; ωRC = 0,742 em mulheres. É evidente que o modelo ERQ é invariável em relação ao sexo e que, por sua vez, é confiável. (AU)

Optimismo disposicional, ansiedad, depresión y estrés en una muestra del Ecuador. Análisis inter-género y de predicción / Dispositional Optimism, Anxiety, Depression and Stress in a Sample of Ecuador. Inter-gender and Prediction Analysis

Resumen.Objetivo. Determinar las diferencias inter-género del optimismo disposicional, la depresión, la ansiedad, el estrés y el rol predictor sobre estos rasgos patológicos en una muestra de universitarios del Ecuador. Método. Investigación descriptiva, comparativa, predictora y de corte transversal con las pruebas de Orientación Vital y la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés con 288 participantes de una universidad pública de Ambato, Ecuador (63.9% son mujeres y 31% hombres). Con edades entre 17 a 39 años (M = 21.6 años; DT = 2.5). Resultados. Hay diferencias (p < .05) de género en ansiedad y estrés (con mayor presencia en mujeres que en hombres. También, hay correlaciones entre el optimismo disposicional y los rasgos patológicos. Finalmente, el optimismo disposicional explica en la depresión (15.2%), la ansiedad (9.7%) y el estrés (5.5%) los cambios de la varianza. Se concluye que el optimismo disposicional es un predictor de la depresión, la ansiedad y el estrés en estudiantes universitarios.

Abstract.Objective. To determine the inter-gender differences in dispositional optimism, depression, anxiety, and stress; as well as the predictive role of optimism on pathological features in a sample of Ecuadorian university students. Method. This is a descriptive, comparative, predictive and cross-sectional study using the Life Orientation (LOT-R) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) tests with 288 university students belonging to one university of Ambato; 63.9% women, 31% men aged between 17 to 39 (M = 21.6 years, SD = 2.5). Results. Gender differences were found at the Anxiety and Stress level, with greater presence in women than in men. As regards dispositional optimism and depression, gender is invariant. There were both slight and significant correlations between dispositional optimism and the dimensions evaluated by the DASS 21 test. Dispositional optimism also explains changes in variance in depression (15.2%), anxiety (9.7%) and stress (5.5%). As a conclusion, dispositional optimism is a relevant predictor of depression, as well as anxiety and stress in university students.

Sesgo Cognitivo de Optimismo y Percepción de Bienestar en una Muestra de Universitarios Ecuatorianos / Cognitive Bias of Optimism and Perception of Wellbeing in a Sample of Ecuadorian University Students / Viés Cognitivo de Otimismo e Percepção de Bem-Estar em uma Amostra de Universitários Equatorianos

Resumen El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la relación del sesgo cognitivo de optimismo en el bienestar subjetivo y psicológico en una muestra de universitarios del Ecuador. Para ello, se implementó un estudio descriptivo, correlacional y de corte transversal, a través de la aplicación de cuestionarios de satisfacción con la vida, afectos positivos y negativos, bienestar psicológico, orientación de vida y visión del futuro, en una muestra de 400 participantes (67% mujeres y 33% hombres), con edad media de 21,3 años, estudiantes de una universidad pública (66.5%) y una cofinanciada (37.5%) de la ciudad de Ambato, Ecuador. Según los resultados, el optimismo disposicional se correlaciona con la satisfacción con la vida (r=.378), los afectos positivos (r =.357) y los negativos (r =-.413), y el bienestar psicológico (r=.616), mientras que los sesgos de optimismo ilusorio (r=.221) e ilusión de invulnerabilidad (r=-.235) lo hacen únicamente con el bienestar psicológico. Como conclusión se adelanta que existe evidencia de racionalidad limitada a través de los sesgos que estimulan el bienestar.

Abstract The purpose of our research was to determine the relation between the cognitive bias of optimism and subjective and psychological wellbeing in a sample of Ecuadorian university students. To that effect, a cross-cutting, correlational, descriptive study was implemented. Questionnaires regarding life satisfaction, positive and negative affects, psychological wellbeing, life orientation, and vision for the future were applied in sample of 400 participants (67% women and 33% men), average age 21.3, studying in a public university (66.5%) and a co-financed university (37.5%) in the city of Ambato, Ecuador. According to the results, dispositional optimism is correlated with life satisfaction (r=.378), positive affects (r=.357) and negative affects (r=-.413), and psychological wellbeing (r=.616), while the illusory optimism (r=.221) and the illusion of invulnerability biases (r=-.235) are correlated only with psychological wellbeing. We conclude that there is evidence of bounded rationality as a result of biases that promote wellbeing.

Resumo Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de determinar a relação do viés cognitivo de otimismo no bem-estar subjetivo e psicológico em uma amostra de universitários do Equador. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo descritivo, correlacional e de corte transversal, por meio da aplicação de questionários de satisfação com a vida, afetos positivos e negativos, bem-estar psicológico, orientação de vida e visão do futuro, em uma amostra de 400 participantes (67% mulheres e 33% homens), com idade média de 21,3 anos, estudantes de uma universidade pública (66.5%) e uma cofinanciada (37.5%) da cidade de Ambato, Equador. Segundo os resultados, o otimismo disposicional se correlaciona com a satisfação com a vida (r=.378), com os afetos positivos (r=.357) e os negativos (r=-.413), e com o bem-estar psicológico (r=.616), enquanto os vieses de otimismo ilusório (r=.221) e ilusão de invulnerabilidade (r=-.235) acontecem unicamente com o bem-estar psicológico. Como conclusão, existe evidência de racionalidade limitada por meio dos vieses que estimulam o bem-estar.

Estructura factorial y fiabilidad del Cyberbullying Questionnaire (CBQ) y su complemento (CBQ-V) en adolescentes ecuatorianos / Factorial structure and reliability of Cyberbullying Questionnaire (CBQ) and her complement (BCQ-V) in ecuadorian teenagers

Resumen Analizar la estructura factorial y la fiabilidad del Cyberbullying Questionnaire (CBQ), que mide la perpetración del cyberbullying, y además medir su complemento, la victimización (CBQ-V) en una muestra de adolescentes tungurahuenses. El estudio es de carácter instrumental para constatar la construcción factorial y la consistencia interna de las pruebas en una muestra de 998 estudiantes de bachillerato de seis centros educativos de Tungurahua. Se encontró que el CBQ explica el 58.5% de la varianza con tres factores con valores de S-B c2= 29.5;gl= 24;p> .05; S-B c2/gl= 1.2; NNFI = .95; CFI = .96; GFI = .90 y RMSEA = .08 IC 90% [.10 - .05]. Mientras que el CBQ-V igualmente con tres factores explica el 52.6% de la varianza con S-B c2= 29.5;gl= 24;p> .05; S-B c2/gl= 1.2; NNFI = .95; CFI = .96; GFI = .90 y RMSEA = .08 IC 90% [.10 - .05]. En cuanto a la fiabilidad, los puntajes alcanzados para el CBQ es α(ordinal)= .903 y CBQ-V es α(ordinal)= .879. Se concluye quelas pruebas bajo análisis son válidas como constructo y fiables en estudiantes de bachillerato de Tungurahua.

Abstract To analyze the factor structure and reliability of the Cyberbullying Questionnaire (CBQ), which measures the prevalence of cyberbullying; as well as measure the complement on victimization (CBQ-V).The study is instrumental in verifying the factorial construction and internal consistency of the tests in a sample of 998 high school students from six educational centres in Tungurahua. It was found that the CBQ explains 58.5% of the variance with three factors with values of S-B c2= 29.5;df= 24;p> .05; S-B c2/df= 1.2; NNFI = .95; CFI = .96; GFI = .90 and RMSEA = .08 IC 90% [.10 - .05]. While the CBQ-V also with three factors explains 52.6% of the variance with S-B c2= 29.5;df= 24;p> .05; S-B c2/df= 1.2; NNFI = .95; CFI = .96; GFI = .90 and RMSEA = .08 IC 90% [.10 -.05]. Regarding reliability, the scores reached for the CBQ is α(ordinal)= .903 and CBQ-V is α(ordinal)= .879. It is concluded that the tests under analysis are valid as a construct and reliable in Tungurahua high school students.

Propiedades psicométricas del Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) en jóvenes universitarios ecuatorianos / Psychometric properties of Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in Ecuadorian university students / Propriedades psicométricas do Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) em jovens universitários equatorianos

Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio fue obtener los índices de validez y confiabilidad del Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) en sus versiones Madre y Padre en población ecuatoriana. La investigación fue de carácter cuantitativo e instrumental; se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio, y se verificó la fiabilidad de ambos instrumentos. Los participantes fueron jóvenes universitarios de Quito (n= 663 para el PBI Madre y n= 611 para el PBI padre). Los resultados de las dos versiones del PBI mostraron una estructura factorial de dos factores con reducción de ítems para cada una, con una confiabilidad adecuada: (1) PBI Madre: 20 ítems, F1 (ω = .86) y F2 (ω = .78). (2) PBI Padre: 17 ítems, F1 (ω = .88) y F2 (ω = .78). Por lo que se puede concluir que el instrumento conserva la estructura factorial de la versión original y cuenta con las propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para el uso en población ecuatoriana.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to obtain the validity and reliability indices of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in its Mother and Father versions in the Ecuadorian population. The research was quantitative and instrumental; a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed, and the reliability of both instruments was verified. The participants were young university students from Quito (n = 663 for the Mother PBI and n = 611 for the Father PBI). The results of the two versions showed a factorial structure of two factors with reduction of items for each one, with adequate reliability: (1) Mother PBI: 20 items, F1 (ω = .86), F2 (ω = .78), (2) Father PBI: 17 items, F1 (ω = .88) , F2 (ω = .78). Therefore, it can be concluded that the instrument preserves the factorial structure of the original version and has adequate psychometric properties for use in the Ecuadorian population.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi obter os índices de validade e confiabilidade do Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) em suas versões Mãe e Pai na população equatoriana. Foi realizada análise fatorial confirmatória e verificada a confiabilidade de ambos os instrumentos. Os participantes eram jovens estudantes universitários de Quito (n = 663 para a Mãe PBI e n = 611 para o Pai PBI). Os resultados das duas versões do PIB mostraram uma estrutura fatorial de dois fatores com redução de itens para cada um, com confiabilidade adequada: (1) PIB mãe: 20 itens, F1 (ω = 0.86) e F2 (ω = 0.78 ) (2) Pai PBI: 17 itens, F1 (ω = 0.88) e F2 (ω = 0.78). Portanto, pode-se concluir que o instrumento preserva a estrutura fatorial da versão original e possui propriedades psicométricas adequadas para uso na população equatoriana.

Gender differences in the influence of personality on academic procrastination in Peruvian college students / Diferenças de gênero na inluência da personalidade sobre a procrastinação acadêmica em estudantes universitários peruanos / Diferencias de género en la influencia de la personalidad sobre la procrastinación académica en estudiantes universitarios peruanos

Abstract The objective of the present study was to analyze whether there are differences between men and women in terms of the influence of personality dimensions on academic procrastination. Participants were 986 students aged between 16 and 40 years (69.8 % women, Mage = 20.81 years), students of different professional careers from two universities located in Lima. The Academic Procrastination Scale (APS) and the Big Five Inventory-15P (BFI-15P) were the instruments administered. An invariance analysis of a structural regression model that indicates the influence of personality on academic procrastination was implemented. The results show that personality explains a significant percentage of the variability of the dimensions of academic procrastination. However, the influence of two dimensions, consciousness and neuroticism, is greater in women. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed, as well as the need to strengthen curricular plans aimed at enhancing resources and reducing those aspects that could negatively affect the academic behavior of the student.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a existência de diferenças entre homens e mulheres com respeito à influência das dimensões de personalidade sobre a procrastinação acadêmica em 986 alunos de 16 a 40 anos (69,8 % mulheres; Midade = 20,81 anos) de diferentes carreiras profissionais de duas universidades localizadas em Lima. Para isso, administrou-se a Escala de Procrastinação Acadêmica (EPA) e o Big Five Inventory-15P (BFI-15P) e implementou-se uma análise de invariância de um modelo de regressão estrutural. Os resultados mostraram que a personalidade explica uma porcentagem significativa da variabilidade das dimensões da procrastinação acadêmica e que a influência das dimensões responsabilidade e neuroticismo foi maior nas mulheres. São discutidas as implicâncias teóricas e práticas das descobertas, bem como a necessidade de fortalecer planos curriculares orientados para potencializar recursos e reduzir os aspectos que poderiam afetar negativamente a conduta acadêmica do estudante.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la existencia de diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en cuanto a la influencia de las dimensiones de personalidad sobre la procrastinación académica en 986 alumnos de entre 16 y 40 años (69.8 % mujeres; Medad = 20.81 años) de distintas carreras profesionales de dos universidades ubicadas en Lima. Para esto, se administró la Escala de Procrastinación Académica (EPA) y el Big Five Inventory-15P (BFI-15P), y se implementó un análisis de invarianza de un modelo regresión estructural. Los resultados mostraron que la personalidad explica un porcentaje significativo de la variabilidad de las dimensiones de la procrastinación académica, y que la influencia de las dimensiones responsabilidad y neuroticismo fue mayor en las mujeres. Se discuten las implicancias teóricas y prácticas de los hallazgos, así como la necesidad de fortalecer planes curriculares orientados a potenciar recursos y reducir los aspectos que podrían afectar negativamente la conducta académica del estudiante.

Análisis sobre la formación académica y el ejercicio profesional del psicólogo clínico en Ecuador / Analysis of Academic Training and Professional Practice of Clinical Psychologists in Ecuador / Análise sobre formação académica e exercício profissional do psicólogo clínico do Equador

Resumen Objetivo. Analizar la formación académica y el campo laboral del psicólogo clínico en una muestra de profesionales de la zona de planificación III del Ecuador (ZP3). Método. La muestra del estudio estuvo conformada por 101 psicólogos clínicos, con una edad media de 30.6 (DE = 7.1) y una media de ejercicio profesional de 6.5 años (DE = 5.75), que ejercen su labor profesional en la ZP3 del Ecuador. Resultados. Los participantes, en su mayoría, se titularon en la Universidad Técnica de Ambato (pública) y en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Ambato (cofinanciada). Más del 64% de los profesionales laboran en el sector público. El 40% de los participantes accedieron a sus puestos actuales por concurso de méritos. El 56.6% trabajan en el sector salud e intervención social. El salario general en promedio es de USD 1380. Conclusión. La formación del psicólogo clínico se restringe de manera significativa a la titulación de grado, dejando de lado, por diversas razones, la formación de posgrado como elemento complementario.

Abstract Objective. To analyze the academic and occupational training of clinical psychologists in a sample of professionals from Planning Zone III in Ecuador (PZ3). Method. The study sample consisted of 101 clinical psychologists with an average age of 30.6 (SD = 7.1) and an average professional practice of 6.5 years (SD = 5.75) who carry out their work activities in PZ3 in Ecuador. Results. The participants were mostly graduates of the Technical University of Ambato (public) and the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador - Ambato (co-financed). More than 64% of these professionals work in the public sector. 40% accessed their current positions through merit based competitions. 56.6% work in the health and social intervention sector. The general salary averages 1380.00 USD. Conclusion. The training of the clinical psychologist is significantly limited to the primary academic degree, leaving aside post-graduate education as a complementary element for a variety of reasons.

Resumo Escopo. Analisar a formação académica e o campo laboral do psicólogo clínico em uma amostra de profissionais da zona de planificação III do Equador (ZP3). Metodologia. A amostra do estudo esteve conformada por 101 psicólogos clínicos, com uma idade media de 30.6 (DE=7.1) e uma media de exercício profissional de 6.5 anos (DE=5.75) que realizam suas atividades laborais na ZP3 do Equador. Resultados. Os participantes, na sua maioria, são titulados da Universidade Técnica de Ambato (pública) e na Pontificia Universidade Católica do Equador Sede Ambato (cofinanciada). Mais do 64% dos profissionais laboram no sector público. Um 40% dos participantes acederam a seus trabalhos atuais por concursos de méritos. Um 56.6% trabalham no setor saúde e intervenção social. O salário geral em média é de 1380 USD. Conclusão. A formação de psicólogo clínico está restringida de maneira significativa à titulação de grado, deixando de lado, por diversos motivos, a formação de pós-graduação como elemento complementário.

Satisfacción con la vida, bienestar psicológico y social como predictores de la salud mental en ecuatorianos / Satisfaction with Life, Psychological and Social Well-being as Predictors of Mental Health in Ecuadorians

Resumen Se indaga sobre la predictibilidad de la Satisfacción con la vida y el Bienestar Psicológico y Social en la Salud Mental en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios del Ecuador a través de un análisis descriptivo de predicción, comparativo por sexo y universidad. Es un estudio de corte transversal en el que participaron 982 estudiantes de tres universidades de Cuenca y Ambato, en Ecuador. Se encontró que el bienestar subjetivo, psicológico y social predicen el 55.1% de explicación de la varianza de Salud Mental. Además, existen diferencias por género en la Satisfacción con la vida (t = -1.98; p < .05) y el Bienestar Social (t = -2.34; p < .05), en este último las mujeres puntúan más que los hombres. También hay diferencias por el tipo de universidad en la Satisfacción con la vida (t = -3.11; p < .01), el Bienestar Psicológico (t = -3.21; p < .01) y la Salud Mental (t = -2.22; p < .05) con mejores puntajes en la universidad cofinanciada. Con estos elementos, se concluye que los distintos indicadores del bienestar individual predicen considerablemente la salud mental.

Abstract The predictability of Satisfaction of the Life and the Psychological and Social well-being in Mental Health in a sample of university students from Ecuador is explored through a descriptive analysis of prediction, comparative by sex and university; and of cross section in which 982 students participated from three universities from Cuenca and Ambato in Ecuador. It was found that subjective, psychological and social well-being predict 55.1% of explination of the Mental Health variance. Further, there are differences by gender in Satisfaction with life (t = -1.98; p < .05) and Social Welfare (t = -2.34; p < .05) in which women score more than men; and by the type of university in the Satisfaction with the life (t = -3.11; p < .01), the Psychological Well-being (t = -3.21; p < .01) and the Mental Health (t = -2.22; p < .05) with better scores in the co-financed university. With these elements, it is concluded that the different indicators of individual well-being significantly predict mental health.